Author: Tim

Time for Plan B – Geoengineering

There has been a huge amount of coverage of the need to cut Greenhouse Gas emissions as the primary route to slow down, halt and eventually reverse the current global warming trend and rightly so. However, in the background there have been a number of suggestions for actions that mankind could take to directly counter-act global warming. Such measures are collectively known as geoengineering and include such things as the direct removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (e.g. by planting trees or fertilising the oceans) and reflecting incoming solar radiation away from the Earth (e.g. by using mirrors in space or changing the land surface to make it more reflective). These measures have not recevied much public attention, partly because they are all really, really expensive, partly because no-one knows how effective they would be and partly because by discussing the ideas in public we might distract attention from the goal of reducing Greenhouse Gas emissions.

Now, the tide has turned a little. A recent report produced by the Royal Society has highlighted the need to urgently begin considering geoengineering as a Plan B to reducing emissions. The report works through various geoengineering ideas examining their affordability and effectiveness and suggests that there should be a major shift of funding into geoengineering research. The report was widely publicised in the media at the beginning of September and the geoengineering debate is nicely summarised in New Scientist, Issue 2724 [05 September 2009].

The Damned United

David Peace’s novel “The Damned United” is quite a controversial book. It charts the story of the 44 day stay of Brian Clough as manager of Leeds United at the start of the 1974/75 football season. The book is critically acclaimed but it has also been slammed as not being representative of Clough and of what really happened at the time. Having read it I can see that writing a novel about something so recent and about someone so well known is really dangerous territory.

I picked up The Damned United to read towards the end of July but when I noticed that the book is written with a chapter for each day and that (in real history) the period covered started on July 31st I decided to start reading on that day and to read one chapter each day so that I allowed the story to unfold in real time. In some ways this was a bit frustrating because I often found myself wanting to read ahead but it was also interesting to pace the story out correctly as this helped me to get inside the head of the (fictional) Clough. The 44th, and last, day of the story was September 12th (so I finished reading the book a couple of days ago). One thing I will say is that if you don’t like swearing don’t read this book…

Anyway, there are two key things that the book gave me. First, it gave me a real insight into just how desperate it must be to manage a football team that isn’t winning (something which chimes well with the form of my own team – Plymouth Argyle – at the moment). There’s simply no escape from the failure and it’s hard to see how it would be possible to get any sleep whatsoever in this situation (in the book alcohol helps). Secondly, as I read the book it was impossible not to read it as if it was factually correct and so I am now left with a very clear impression of what Brian Clough was like at this time (I only remember him myself from slightly later in his career) but this is an impression that is actually fictional and so I do not know which parts are reasonable and which are not. I’m not sure this is fair on the reader and most certainly on the real individual involved. Tricky

Great Tales from English History 1

I’ve never been much of a history buff but I do quite enjoy reading a bit of history and I have recently really enjoyed Robert Lacey‘s “Great Tales from English History 1: Cheddar Man to the Peasants Revolt”. The book covers the period 7150BC to 1381 via a series of short sharp chapters each telling the tale of a person (or group of people) who have some historical significance. So, in this volume, which is the first of three, there are chapters on well-known figures such as King Alfred, William the Conqueror, Richard the Lionheart along with lesser-known ones like Elmer the Flying Monk. This is an easy read which whizzes you through this early period of English history (or at least history of the land that eventually becomes known as England), entertaining and informing along the way. Thoroughly recommended for someone like me who stopped studying history atthe age of about 13 but likes to know how everything fits together.

Royal Society – Science in the News

Earlier this week my attention was drawn to the Royal Society’s “Science in the News” web-page. This provides a really neat daily summary of the science stories that are in the national media with links to all of the various web-pages. This looks like a really neat site and one which it would be well worth visiting regularly. I’ve added the link to the Other Science list over there on the right →

The Snack Thief

Sometimes I buy books not because I know that they are a good read but because I like the look of them. It might be the weight or feel of the volume or it might be the cover design but sometimes there’s just something about the book that draws me to it. This was the case a while back when I first saw the paperback editions of Andrea Camilleri‘s Inspector Montalbano novels (translated into English by Stephen Sartarelli). “The Snack Thief”  is the third Montalbano novel. Like the rest of the series (so far at least) the action is set in Sicily and although there is a crime (or two) to solve the books are really about the quirky characters of the Sicilian police and the bizarre goings on of the quirky Sicilian people. I enjoy these books because they are laced with subtle humour and charm. When I read them I feel like I should go to Sicily, but, perhaps surprisingly, it’s not the Mediterranean scenery that attracts me, it’s the food. Montalbano just adores traditional Sicilian food and throughout the books he is fed well by his housekeeper and by the chefs in the various cafes and restaurants he visits. These books make me want to eat food.

Just for completeness, I should add that The Snack Thief involves a murder, a small boy who steals other children’s lunch snacks, a snuggling racket, a secret service plot, another murder and lots of good food.

Did I remember to mention the food?

Clouds and solar heating feedback

Clouds play an important role in determining the Earth’s climate. They can have a number of different effects but perhaps the most basic one of all is that clouds generally reflect solar energy back out into space thus lowering the amount of solar heating that strikes the Earth and is absorbed. This reflection contributes to something called the planetary albedo, which is essentially the overall reflectivity of the planet. The Earth’s albedo is generally taken as having a value of a little more than 0.3 which means that just over 30%, or a third, of all the solar energy that arrives at the Earth is reflected back out to space and clouds contribute a lot of this reflection. If the Earth had a higher albedo, it would absorb less solar energy and would potentially be cooler; if it had a lower albedo it would absorb more solar energy and be warmer.

So far so good, but it is actually really difficult to determine what will happen to clouds when the Earth’s atmosphere warms up (as it is). More heat in the atmosphere could mean less clouds as the air temperature rises and the water droplets in the clouds evaporate (becoming water vapour). On the other hand a warmer world will mean a greater tendency for water to evaporate from the land or ocean surface, increasing the humidity of the overlying air and increasing the potential for clouds to form when air cools (e.g. at high altitude).

Some new research has suggested that, in the north-east Pacific at least, a warming ocean is leading to less cloud which in turn leads to more solar energy reaching the surface (lower local albedo), which in turn leads to a warmer ocean, which in turn leads to less clouds, which in turn… This is an example of “positive feedback”  and is a potentially important finding which may help to determine which of the current climate models is doing the best job of predicting future global climate scenarios. But nothing is simple – it’s nigh on impossible to know whether the clouds studied are typical and/or whether the findings can be applied more widely. The work is described briefly in a news item on the BBC Website [24 July 2009].

Problem Solving 101

Usually when I write about a book that I have read I am writing from a perspective of having enjoyed reading it or, at least, having found it useful. Sadly, this time this isn’t the case. I came across the book “Problem Solving 101” by Ken Watanabe via Dan Roam’s Digital Roam website and because I had enjoyed Roam’s own book “The Back of a Napkin” I thought I would trust his recommendation… PS101 is a book about problem solving but it is written for children (this could be the root of my problem with it…). However, it is described as an adult bestseller “thanks to the powerful effectiveness” of the techniques it describes. I should have been more suspicious of that “adult bestseller” bit. PS101 is just too simplistic, rather silly and, in truth, doesn’t really provide anything that could be described as a powerful technique. As I read the book I was left with no feeling that there was any evidence to suggest that the stories being told had to turn out the way that they did because of the powerful problem solving techniques and that they could just as easily ended up with the child or children involved failing miserably to solve their problem(s). So for me this book was a dud although there is one thing good about it – it’s one of those small, perfectly formed hardback books with nice paper that just feels and looks good – it’s just a shame about what is inside.

Methane from the Arctic seafloor

Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas, so the addition of methane to the atmosphere is bad news for global warming and climate change (froma human perspective). Recent observations suggest that warming of the waters of the Arctic Ocean is triggering the release of plumes of gas (mostly methane) from beneath the seafloor into the ocean water column. So far there is no evidence that the gas is entering the atmosphere but some of it is converted to carbon dioxide which raises the acidity of the water. There is a brief report on this in New Scientist, Issue 2722 [22 August 2009] and a more lengthy piece, complete with a spectacular picture, on the BBC Website [18 August 2009].

The Best A Man Can Get

A couple of weeks ago I finished reading John O’Farrell’s book “The Best A Man Can Get”. It tells the story of a married man with two young children and a third on the way who has set up a second life in which he goes to work writing advertising jingles whilst living a lazy and relaxed life in a room in a rented house with three other blokes. The idea is that he has got it all, a family life that he can return to for a few days at a time and a “single-bloke” life that he can escape to from the family life. Not surprisingly, in the end he gets found out and it all goes horribly wrong but in ther process he discovers much. It’s an amusing book at times but also rather painful to read – many of the observations do ring true though…